Forensic Science Degree Programs of 2. Forensic scientists locate, investigate, and evaluate evidence from crime scenes. The Bachelor of Science in Forensic Science degree is designed to prepare students for careers as forensic scientists. The core of the curriculum consists of chemistry and biology courses and a small. Forensic Science Degree. Our Blog Read our latest posts. Degrees and Jobs An Overview of Forensic Science Programs. Impartial investigation and observation is the key to identifying and prosecuting criminals, so forensic scientists must be fact- driven and analytical. To pursue a career as a forensic scientist in a crime lab or as a crime scene investigator, a forensic science degree is a necessary and valuable tool. Forensic science students develop the analytical skills necessary to process and evaluate evidence in a criminal investigation in order to assist in the successful closing of cases. Forensic science programs can lead to either a two- or a four- year degree, and though forensic scientists must be experts in a variety of fields, most students choose a concentration in a specific area of interest such as forensic toxicology, forensic entomology, forensic anthropology, digital forensics, or other exciting specialties. Forensic Science Training and Courses. Core forensic science courses include crime scene investigation, DNA analysis, fingerprint analysis, ballistics, biology, computer science, and others designed to help the student learn the skills necessary to work in a crime lab. Forensic scientists must learn to observe a crime scene for traces of evidence that first responders and other investigators missed, collect that evidence in a way that ensures that it is not contaminated and will stand up in court, and interpret the evidence through careful analysis of what it is, where it was found, and how it may have played a part in a crime. This complex process and the importance that this evidence plays in proving the guilt or innocence of a suspect is why students must have a degree to work in the field of forensic science. Examples of courses in a forensic science degree curriculum include: Introduction to Forensic Science. General Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Forensic Pathology. Forensic Trace Evidence. Physical Evidence. Forensic Toxicology. Crime Scene Processing. Forensic Science Laboratory Internship. CJDS FACT: Scientific analysis by forensic scientists can put criminals behind bars or free innocent people who have been falsely accused. According to the Innocence Project, there have been over 2. DNA evidence. DNA evidence is now a core area of study for a forensic science degree. Forensic Science Degree Requirements. Many schools offer programs for two- year associate’s degrees and four- year bachelor’s degrees in forensic science and related disciplines. Though students can begin working as a forensic scientist after just two years with an associate’s degree in criminal justice with a concentration in forensics, in order to advance in this field, forensic scientists will want to work towards a bachelor’s degree or higher. Jobs in this field are highly competitive, meaning that advanced degrees often lead to better opportunities. Profiles of Forensic Science Degree Programs. Boston University offers a Master of Science in Biomedical Forensic Sciences (MS. BMFS) through its School of Medicine that prepares graduates to pursue careers in multiple areas of forensics including death investigations, crime scene response, and DNA analysis. This 3. 8- credit hour program is designed to be completed in two years, with each program start occurring at the beginning of the fall semester. Many of the program’s courses involve lab work and hands- on experience components, such as core courses in Crime Scene Investigation, Trace Evidence Analysis, Directed Studies in Biomedical Forensic Sciences, and Criminal Law II- Mock Court. All program faculty continue their active involvement in casework while teaching and are able to apply their experience to teaching students about forensic science and its applications to legal theory and practice. The program is housed at Boston University Medical Center. The MS. BMFS program at Boston University is accredited by the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Committee. Arcadia University awards a Master of Science in Forensic Science (MSFS) that provides a state- of- the- art education to aspiring forensic scientists and professionals. The program requires 6. Core courses include Forensic Pattern Analysis, Statistical Analysis and Biostatistics, Research Methods in Forensic Science, and Forensic Serology. During the first summer term, students participate in a research project in collaboration with university faculty members or college partners. Students are additionally guaranteed an intensive 1. Center for Forensic Science and Education that provides real- world experience in forensic biology, toxicology, and chemistry as well as trace analysis. Arcadia University’s MSFS is offered in partnership with the Center for Forensic Science Research and Education and is one of few programs holding accreditation by the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Committee. Marshall University awards a Master of Science in Forensic Science that equips students with the skills that employers of forensic professionals are seeking. Students are required to choose one emphasis area from DNA Analysis, Forensic Chemistry, Digital Forensics, or Crime Scene Investigation, and may optionally complete all four areas of emphasis. The core curriculum involves 3. The program of study includes a summer internship selected to complement the student’s area(s) of emphasis that takes place in a partner specialty or crime laboratory. A unique component of the program is the school’s Crime Scene House, a mock crime scene facility that offers real- world simulation in proper crime scene handling and analysis. Marshall University also offers a Graduate Certificate in Digital Forensics. The Master of Science in Forensic Science program at Marshall University is accredited by the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Committee. Forensic Science Salaries and Job Outlook. The job outlook for forensic scientists is bright, with the US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimating 2. As of 2. 01. 5, forensic science technicians earned a median annual wage of $5. Additional Forensic Science Resources. Online Forensic Science Degree Information and Criminal Justice Schools. What Jobs Can You Get With a Forensic Science Degree? Graduates of a forensic science degree program can go on to apply their education in various roles within a law enforcement, government, and the private sector. Some examples of forensic science careers include: You can also visit our criminal justice job board for current job openings in your state and to learn more about specific job requirements. For more information about forensic science degrees, check out our Top 2. Forensic Blogs page. References: 1. US Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, Forensic Science Technicians: http: //www. Forensic Science Degree . Your classes may include: Arson Investigation. This course will explore criminal and scientific investigation techniques associated with arson. Various arson causation theories and principles of incendiary fire analysis and detection along with social, psychological and environmental factors associated with arson will be explored. This course will assist students in identifying the origin and cause of suspicious fires. Criminalistics. Criminalistics is part I of a two part series. This course is a survey course of forensic science. The course content will focus on defining . In this course, students will learn jurisdiction established by the law to define the cause and manner of death, conduct a death scene investigation and techniques in establishing identity and post mortem interval. Students will obtain skills in notification of next of kin, interviewing witnesses and interpreting crime scene photography. Cybercrimes. This hands- on introductory course provides students with the knowledge and skills necessary to begin a computer- based investigation. The course begins with an overview of computer forensics and then proceeds to introduce forensics tools, concepts and documentation of evidence/procedures. The course uses common and accepted incident Response Policies and Procedures for previewing and securing digital evidence. Topics include: the basics of computer evidence and basic forensic methodology. Forensic Biology. This introductory course exposes students to the areas of cellular biology, forensic serology, genetics and human physiology as well as their applications within forensic science. Through lectures, readings, discussions and general exercises emphasizing the fundamentals of basic science within Forensic Biology, students will learn the principles of biological and biochemical processing in relationship to forensics. The course will afford students the opportunity to enhance their critical thinking and problem solving skills within the field of forensic science. This course includes a discussion of the various areas of forensic science where a biologist can specialize.
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HEEACT further provides subject rankings in science and technology fields. It also ranked the top 3. They were: articles published over prior 1. They representedx three criteria of scientific papers performance: research productivity, research impact, and research excellence. The 2. 00. 7 ranking methodology was alleged to have favored universities with medical schools, and in response, HEEACT added assessment criteria. The ten subjects include Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Geosciences, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering (including Energy & Fuels), Materials Sciences, and Civil Engineering (including Environmental Engineering). This system is based on Human Resources & Labour Review Indexes (HRI and LRI), which measure the performance of top 3. The HRLR ranking was pioneered in late 2. The team was founded in January 2. London, and started compiling and processing data, resulting in the first lists in 2. Nevertheless, HRLR remains to be the leader in university ranking with innovative and comprehensive approaches, and not relying merely on those aforementioned aspects. The pilot project involved a trial of over 1,0. The top 5. 00 results for universities and faculties were reported at the project website. The assessment analyzes research performance as measured by publications and citations. Publication and citation data is drawn from Scopus. The project uses standard bibliometric indicators, namely the 1. RPI equally weighs contributions from the five faculties. The five faculty scores are normalized to place them onto a common scale. The normalized scores are then averaged to arrive at a final RPI. Leiden Ranking. The rankings compare research institutions by taking into account differences in language, discipline and institutional size. Updated monthly, the Nature Index presents research outputs of approximately 9,0. Index articles. Each of the approximately 6. 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In 2. 01. 0 QS assumed sole publication of rankings produced with this methodology when Times Higher Education split from QS in order to create a new rankings methodology in partnership with Thomson Reuters. The QS rankings are published in the United States by U. S. News & World Report as the . News & World Report launched their own international university ranking titled . The inaugural ranking was published in October 2. The QS rankings use peer review data collected (in 2. The QS rankings also incorporate citation per faculty member data from Scopus. The citations and faculty/student measures are worth 2. QS has published online material about its methodology. The rankings also appear in book form, and via media partners including The Guardian, US News & World Report and The Chosun Ilbo. QS has added to its main World University Rankings, starting in 2. Asian University Rankings. These rankings have been drawn up on the basis of citations, academic peer review and recruiter review, with the weightings for each dependent upon the culture and practice of the subject concerned. They are published in five clusters; engineering; biomedicine; the natural sciences; the social sciences; and the arts and humanities, and covered 4. They rank the top 3. Asian universities and the ranking has now appeared eight times. They release an independent list of rankings each time, different from that of the QS World University Rankings. The 2. 01. 6/1. 7 edition was topped by the National University of Singapore. As the criteria and their weightings are different, the QS World university rankings and the QS Asian University rankings released in the same academic year are different. They use academic opinion (3. Ph. D, faculty/student ratio and web visibility (1. These criteria were developed in consultation with experts in Latin America, and the web visibility data comes from Webometrics. The 2. 01. 6/1. 7 edition of the ranking ranks the top 3. University of S. The criteria focused on academic papers, which indicate basic research performed at a university, and patent filings, which point to an institution's interest in protecting and commercializing its discoveries. Compiled by the Intellectual Property & Science business of Thomson Reuters, the list uses proprietary data and analysis tools. The list was cross referenced against the number of patents filed by each organization during the same time period in the Derwent World Patents Index and the Derwent Innovations Index. Patent equivalents, citing patents and citing articles were included. The timeframe allows for the articles and patent activity to receive citations, thereby contributing to that portion of the methodology. The list was reduced to just those institutions that filed 7. Each candidate university was then evaluated using various indicators including how often a university. Universities were also evaluated in terms of how often their research papers were cited by patents; and the percentage of articles that featured a co- author from industry. The ranking has international coverage and is intended to become a tool of choice of the university for the key stakeholders of higher education: applicants, students, representatives of the academic community, university management. The RUR Rankings publisher is an independent RUR Rankings Agency. THE published a table of the top 2. QS ranked approximately 5. The 2. 01. 5/1. 6 edition of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings rank the world's 8. After further consultation the criteria were grouped under five broad overall indicators to produce the final ranking. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 1. September 2. 01. 0, a month earlier than previous years. 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Ebay, Hulu, IBM (Blue Cloud), LinkedIn, New York Times, PARC, Microsoft (Powerset), Twitter, Last.fm, AOL, Rackspace, American. Using Hadoop for Parallel Processing rather. In searching for examples of others doing this I keep coming across the classic Hadoop New York Times. Converting word docs to pdf using Hadoop. Say if I want to convert 1000s of word files to pdf then would using Hadoop to approach. Derek Gottfrid at the New York Times famously found Hadoop to be a useful tool. The New York Times The International Herald Tribune The Boston Globe 15 daily newspapers 50 Web sites NYTimes.com. S3, EC2, Hadoop http:// m. Skimmer Private Beta (Feb 14th, 2009) http://www.nytimes. The master node consists of a Job Tracker, Task Tracker, Name. Node, and Data. Node. A slave or worker node acts as both a Data. I’m just getting started with hadoop. How did you express this process as map. The New York Times Stylebook is our canonical reference for how our newsroom uses language. During our recent Maker. Selection from Strata Conference New York + Hadoop World 2014. Node and Task. Tracker, though it is possible to have data- only worker nodes and compute- only worker nodes. These are normally used only in nonstandard applications. The standard startup and shutdown scripts require that Secure Shell (ssh) be set up between nodes in the cluster. Similarly, a standalone Job. Tracker server can manage job scheduling across nodes. When Hadoop Map. Reduce is used with an alternate file system, the Name. Node, secondary Name. Node, and Data. Node architecture of HDFS are replaced by the file- system- specific equivalents. File systems. Some consider HDFS to instead be a data store due to its lack of POSIX compliance and inability to be mounted. Each datanode serves up blocks of data over the network using a block protocol specific to HDFS. The file system uses TCP/IPsockets for communication. Clients use remote procedure call (RPC) to communicate between each other. HDFS stores large files (typically in the range of gigabytes to terabytes. It achieves reliability by replicating the data across multiple hosts, and hence theoretically does not require RAID storage on hosts (but to increase I/O performance some RAID configurations are still useful). With the default replication value, 3, data is stored on three nodes: two on the same rack, and one on a different rack. Data nodes can talk to each other to rebalance data, to move copies around, and to keep the replication of data high. HDFS is not fully POSIX- compliant, because the requirements for a POSIX file- system differ from the target goals for a Hadoop application. The trade- off of not having a fully POSIX- compliant file- system is increased performance for data throughput and support for non- POSIX operations such as Append. The project has also started developing automatic fail- over. The HDFS file system includes a so- called secondary namenode, a misleading name that some might incorrectly interpret as a backup namenode for when the primary namenode goes offline. In fact, the secondary namenode regularly connects with the primary namenode and builds snapshots of the primary namenode's directory information, which the system then saves to local or remote directories. These checkpointed images can be used to restart a failed primary namenode without having to replay the entire journal of file- system actions, then to edit the log to create an up- to- date directory structure. Because the namenode is the single point for storage and management of metadata, it can become a bottleneck for supporting a huge number of files, especially a large number of small files. HDFS Federation, a new addition, aims to tackle this problem to a certain extent by allowing multiple namespaces served by separate namenodes. Moreover, there are some issues in HDFS, namely, small file issue, scalability problem, Single Point of Failure (SPo. F), and bottleneck in huge metadata request. An advantage of using HDFS is data awareness between the job tracker and task tracker. The job tracker schedules map or reduce jobs to task trackers with an awareness of the data location. For example: if node A contains data (x,y,z) and node B contains data (a,b,c), the job tracker schedules node B to perform map or reduce tasks on (a,b,c) and node A would be scheduled to perform map or reduce tasks on (x,y,z). This reduces the amount of traffic that goes over the network and prevents unnecessary data transfer. When Hadoop is used with other file systems, this advantage is not always available. This can have a significant impact on job- completion times, which has been demonstrated when running data- intensive jobs. To reduce network traffic, Hadoop needs to know which servers are closest to the data; this is information that Hadoop- specific file system bridges can provide. In May 2. 01. 1, the list of supported file systems bundled with Apache Hadoop were: HDFS: Hadoop's own rack- aware file system. This is targeted at clusters hosted on the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud server- on- demand infrastructure. There is no rack- awareness in this file system, as it is all remote. Windows Azure Storage Blobs (WASB) file system. WASB, an extension on top of HDFS, allows distributions of Hadoop to access data in Azure blob stores without moving the data permanently into the cluster. A number of third- party file system bridges have also been written, none of which are currently in Hadoop distributions. However, some commercial distributions of Hadoop ship with an alternative filesystem as the default . The Job. Tracker pushes work out to available Task. Tracker nodes in the cluster, striving to keep the work as close to the data as possible. With a rack- aware file system, the Job. Tracker knows which node contains the data, and which other machines are nearby. If the work cannot be hosted on the actual node where the data resides, priority is given to nodes in the same rack. This reduces network traffic on the main backbone network. If a Task. Tracker fails or times out, that part of the job is rescheduled. The Task. Tracker on each node spawns a separate Java Virtual Machine process to prevent the Task. Tracker itself from failing if the running job crashes its JVM. A heartbeat is sent from the Task. Tracker to the Job. Tracker every few minutes to check its status. The Job Tracker and Task. Tracker status and information is exposed by Jetty and can be viewed from a web browser. Known limitations of this approach are: -The allocation of work to Task. Trackers is very simple. Every Task. Tracker has a number of available slots (such as . Every active map or reduce task takes up one slot. The Job Tracker allocates work to the tracker nearest to the data with an available slot. There is no consideration of the current system load of the allocated machine, and hence its actual availability. If one Task. Tracker is very slow, it can delay the entire Map. Reduce job . With speculative execution enabled, however, a single task can be executed on multiple slave nodes. Scheduling. The fair scheduler has three basic concepts. Pools have to specify the minimum number of map slots, reduce slots, and a limit on the number of running jobs. Capacity scheduler. The capacity scheduler supports several features that are similar to the fair scheduler. It can be used for other applications, many of which are under development at Apache. The list includes the HBase database, the Apache Mahoutmachine learning system, and the Apache Hive. Data Warehouse system. Hadoop can in theory be used for any sort of work that is batch- oriented rather than real- time, is very data- intensive, and benefits from parallel processing of data. It can also be used to complement a real- time system, such as lambda architecture, Apache Storm, Flink and Spark Streaming. Search Webmap is a Hadoop application that runs on a Linux cluster with more than 1. Yahoo! Every Hadoop cluster node bootstraps the Linux image, including the Hadoop distribution. Work that the clusters perform is known to include the index calculations for the Yahoo! HDInsight uses Hortonworks HDP and was jointly developed for HDI with Hortonworks. HDI allows programming extensions with . NET (in addition to Java). HDInsight also supports creation of Hadoop clusters using Linux with Ubuntu. Specifically, operations such as rename() and delete() on directories are not atomic, and can take time proportional to the number of entries and the amount of data in them. Amazon Elastic Map. Reduce. Provisioning of the Hadoop cluster, running and terminating jobs, and handling data transfer between EC2(VM) and S3(Object Storage) are automated by Elastic Map. Reduce. Apache Hive, which is built on top of Hadoop for providing data warehouse services, is also offered in Elastic Map. Reduce. CLC also offers customers several managed Cloudera Blueprints, the newest managed service in the Century. Link Cloud big data Blueprints portfolio, which also includes Cassandra and Mongo. DB solutions. Here is a partial list: See also. Apache Software Foundation. Data Science Association. Apache Software Foundation. John Wiley & Sons. The Lucene PMC has voted to split part of Nutch into a new sub- project named Hadoop ^Intellipaat. Retrieved 2 February 2. Archived from the original on August 3. Hadoop: The Definitive Guide (3rd ed.). ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Launches World's Largest Hadoop Production Application. |
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